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Part of what led to such a long delay in acknowledging rape’s role in war was the “ mischaracterization of rape as a crime against honor, and not as a crime against the physical integrity of the victim,” as Human Rights Watch staffers Dorothy Q. Security Council passed Resolution 1820, stating that rape and other forms of sexual violence can constitute war crimes, crimes against humanity, or one of the contributing factors when determining whether genocide has been committed. With the prevailing attitude that rape is a natural part of war, it’s not surprising that the Genocide Convention of 1948, which criminalized certain violations after World War II, failed to include rape as a war crime, even though both the Nuremberg and Tokyo war crimes tribunals referred to it. Historically wartime rape was misconceived as an unintended and unavoidable consequence of war, following from the fact that soldiers were violent, and women – perceived as chattel and property for centuries – were part of the rewards of victory.Įven during the Rwandan genocide, rape was perceived as an unintentional consequence of war: “Rape has long been characterized and dismissed by the military and political leaders as a private crime or the unfortunate behavior of a renegade soldier,” according to a 1996 Human Rights Watch report. For feminist scholars Elaine Scarry and Ruth Seifert, women are the standard bearers of the society who perpetuate the culture and, therefore, are among war’s first targets. The deconstruction of culture is achieved through injuring and destroying human beings. One of the primary goals of ethnic war is the destruction or deconstruction of culture, and not necessarily just the military defeat of the enemy’s army. I believe that the Ukraine conflict is an ethnic war. This is because in many societies rape victims are re-victimized by their own communities, where they are blamed for having been raped. Rape as a strategy of war has the effect of undermining the cohesiveness of a community by attacking its very foundation – the women. I have studied the subject of rape during ethnic conflict for over 20 years.
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McKernan’s story in The Guardian reported that in the wake of Russian troop withdrawal from areas surrounding Kyiv, “women and girls have come forward to tell the police, media and human rights organisations of atrocities they have suffered at the hands of Russian soldiers.” “Gang-rapes, assaults taking place at gunpoint, and rapes committed in front of children are among the grim testimonies collected by investigators,” McKernan wrote. They don’t happen because men are individually unable to control their urges.ĭescriptions are beginning to emerge about what happened in Ukraine. The variation in whether or not rape occurs in war means that these acts are not random. Secretary of State Antony Blinken told reporters on April 5, 2022, that killings of Ukrainians in Bucha were part of a deliberate Russian campaign ‘to kill, to torture, to rape.’ Evelyn Hockstein/POOL/AFP via Getty Images Not random violence
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Wartime rape functions as part of this strategy. In the type of conflict known as an ethnic war, the goal of acquiring and securing territory leads to the most barbarous tactics being used, aimed at reducing the other side’s willingness to fight by using excessive cruelty, torture, terror, displacement and even genocide. They include punishment, torture, extraction of information and the intent to destroy the morale of the other side.Ītrocities appear to be more prevalent in wars when the goal is to terrorize the population and demobilize people so that they will flee in great numbers. Such tactics have been called “ gendercide” by scholars who study gender and war.Īs an expert on rape during ethnic conflict, I know that – like so many other conflicts – wartime gender-based violence has a variety of motivations. A Human Rights Watch report released the next day and a Guardian story by Bethan McKernan the day after that asserted that Russian soldiers used rape as a deliberate tactic of war. An image of dead naked women under a blanket on the road photographed by Mikhail Palinchak 12½ miles (20 kilometers) outside of Kyiv was tweeted by the Ministry of Defense of Ukraine on April 2. Shocking images from Bucha and elsewhere in Ukraine revealed what many suspected, that Russian soldiers were apparently committing war crimes.